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SESSION TITLE: Challenges in Asthma SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 10:15 am - 11:10 am INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a chronic illness affecting 334 million people worldwide[1]. Asthma affects the respiratory gas exchange, which plays a significant role in acid-base balance. Acid-base disorders in asthma involve respiratory alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and AG acidosis[2]. CASE PRESENTATION: A 37 years old Hispanic male with a PMH of intermittent asthma presents with progressive dyspnea for three days, worse with activity and decreases with rest. He reported no [cough, fever, rhinorrhea, chest pain]. No orthopnea. He is vaccinated for COVID ( 2 Pfizer doses), has no sickness exposure, and works as a driver. The patient is not a smoker. Physical Exam: Blood pressure 124/72 mmHg. Heart Rate 100 PPM. Temperature 97.1 F.Respiratory Rate 21BPM.SPO2 90% General appearance: acute distress with nasal flaring. Heart: Normal S1, S2. RRR. Lung: Poor air entry with diffuse wheeze bilaterally. He was placed on a 6 LPM NC. CBC and differential were unremarkable. He was started on methylprednisone, Ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. The patient was started on inhaled Salbutamol and Budesonide. Chest X-ray was unremarkable, Chemistry was unremarkable except for elevated Lactic acid 4.7, There was no concern for reduced tissue perfusion or hypoxia, with no evidence of an infectious process because both viral and bacterial causes for pneumonia were excluded, and antibiotics were stopped. A serial lactic acid level trend was 4.5/4.3/ 4.1/ 4 on the first day, while on the next day, it was 3.1/ 2.9/ 2.7/ 2.5/ 3.5, we stopped trending his lactic acid level. He improved and was discharged on an oral taper steroid and inhaled steroids with a B2 agonist. DISCUSSION: There are two types of Lactic acidosis in patients with asthma: 1- Type-A results from impaired oxygen delivery to tissues and reduced tissue perfusion in severe acute asthma may be accompanied by reduced cardiac output. 2- Type B where oxygen delivery is normal, but the cellular function is impaired due to increased norepinephrine in plasma, increasing metabolic rate and lactate production, drugs like beta-agonists increase glycogenolysis leading to an increased pyruvate concentration;pyruvate is converted to lactic acid. B2 agonist increases lipolysis and increases Acetyl CoA, this increase in Acetyl CoA inhibits the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, increasing pyruvate which will be converted to lactic acid[2], Theophylline is a non-selective 5'-phosphodiesterase inhibitor and potentiates the activity of ß-adrenergic agents by increasing the intracellular concentration of cAMP, Glucocorticoids are also known to increase the ß-receptor's sensitivity to ß-adrenergic agonists. CONCLUSIONS: Providers are increasingly challenged by hyperlactatemia,it is not harmful but elevated Lactic acid levels and clearance rate is used for prognostication,hyperlactatemia might be misleading,and all possible causes of elevated lactic acid levels must be explored. Reference #1: 10.5334/aogh.2412 Reference #2: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8040563 Reference #3: Edwin B. Liem, Stephen C. Mnookin, Michael E. Mahla;Albuterol-induced Lactic Acidosis. Anesthesiology 2003;99:505–506 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200308000-00036 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Vasudev Malik Daliparty No relevant relationships by Abdallah Khashan No relevant relationships by Samer Talib No relevant relationships by MATTHEW YOTSUYA
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SESSION TITLE: Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease Cases SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/18/2022 12:25 pm - 01:25 pm INTRODUCTION: Chlorine gas is a pulmonary irritant with pungent odor that damages the respiratory tract. Chlorine gas exposure occurs in industrial or household exposures,Chlorine gas has two forms either a liquid or gas, toxicity of chlorine gas depends on the dose and duration of exposure. Chlorine gas used in manufacturing products like paper, insecticides, Chlorine is used to treat bottled and swiming pool water. CASE PRESENTATION: A 37 Y.O Male, no PMH presents with progressive dyspnea for three days worse with activity,decreases with rest, denied cough fever or chest pain he is vaccinated for COVID,no smoking history. The patient worked at a chlorine gas factory in the Dominican Republic for 15 years. Exam: Vitals: BP 124/72 mmHg. HR 100 BPM. RR 21 BPM. SpO2 84%. General: acute distress. Heart: normal S1, S2. RRR. Lung: wheeze bilaterally. Abdomen: Soft. Musculoskeletal: no pitting edema. he was placed on 6 LPM NC saturation improved to 90%. CBC and Chemistry were unremarkable, he was started on steroid, breathing treatment with antibiotics. ABG showed hypoxemia. he was placed on Venturi mask and his saturation improved to 95%.CTA was negative for PE. EKG, troponin were unremarkable. A proBNP normal. The antibiotics were discontinued because of a negative workup. A TTE study was normal. HRCT scan of the chest, showed atelectasis and infiltrates of lower lobes. No interstitial fibrosis.A PFT showed obstructive airway disease. He was discharged on oral and inhaled steroids.Hi new onset obstructive airway could be due to chlorine gas exposure. DISCUSSION: Chlorine gas causes cellular injury through oxidative damage but further damage results from activation and recruitment of inflammatory cells with subsequent release of oxidants and proteolytic enzymes. Humans can detect chlorine gas odor at a concentration between 0.1-0.3 ppm. At 1-3 ppm,it causes irritation of oral,eye mucosal membranes. At 30-40 ppm causes cough, chest pain, and SOB. At 40-60 ppm, toxic pneumonitis and pulmonary edema and can be fatal at 430 ppm concentration or higher within thirty minutes. Chronic exposure to chlorine gas lead to chest pain, cough, sore throat, hemoptysis, recurrent asthma. Physical exam findings include tachypnea cyanosis, wheezing, intercostal retractions, decreased breath sounds. Pulmonary function tests may reveal obstructive lung function disease. Chronic exposure to a low level was found to be associated with an increased risk of asthma in swimmers. CONCLUSIONS: Chlorine exposure results in direct chemical toxicity to the airways with acute airways obstruction or airways hyperreactivity, presentation varies from acute overwhelming intoxication with acute lung injury and or death, occupational exposure increase the likelihood of chronic bronchitis or isolated wheezing attacks. Treatment for chlorine exposure is largely supportive. Reference #1: 1- Center of disease control and prevention website/emergency preparedness and response/ https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/chlorine/basics/facts.asp Reference #2: 2- C- Morim A, Guldner GT. Chlorine Gas Toxicity. [Updated 2021 Jul 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing;2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537213/. Reference #3: A- Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Beuhler MC, et al. 2020 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 38th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2021;59(12):1282-1501. doi:10.1080/15563650.2021.1989785 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Abdallah Khashan No relevant relationships by Samer Talib no disclosure on file for Matthew Yotsuya;
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Background: We assessed the mental health of individuals in the general population, during an initial period of easing of COVID-19 restrictions in the Republic of Ireland (RoI). Methods: Data were collected through a nationally representative cross-sectional telephone survey, during the first period of easing of restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic between May and July 2020. Mental health was examined using the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety Depression Scale. Poisson regression analyses were conducted to estimate risk ratios with robust variance estimation of the association between selected demographic factors and the risk of having depression and anxiety symptoms. Results: Of the 1,983 participants, 27.7% (n = 549;95% CI: 0.26 - 0.30) reported depression and anxiety symptoms, while 74 (3.8%;95% CI: 0.03 - 0.05) disclosed self-harm and/or suicidal thoughts. Females (RR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.37 - 1.87, p < 0.0005), employed individuals who experienced a change in work status (RR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.24 - 1.82, p < 0.0005), participants cocooning due to a health condition (RR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.08 - 1.66, p< 0.01), participants who were self-isolating (RR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03 - 1.51, p=0.025) and moderate-heavy drinkers (RR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.47, p<0.01) were at increased risk of depression and anxiety. Young people aged 18-29 years and those in the two lowest income categories were most likely to report self-harm and/or suicidal thoughts. Conclusion: As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, with further waves and associated restrictions, the impact on mental health in the population as a whole and in specific subgroups must be considered. Study protocol registration: doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13103.2.